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While the growing complexity and sophistication of cyber attacks is a very real and dangerous threat to organizations, requiring advanced security defences, cyber attacks that use simple (and sometimes even outdated) methods still prove useful to attackers.

Some old and nearly forgotten types of cyber attacks are re-entering the cyber landscape. A recent report indicates a 400% increase in brute force attacks on remote desktop protocols (RDPs) following the worldwide increase in remote workers. And while brute force attacks are a familiar topic and the epitome of “old school”, they are still effective and popular with cyber criminals.

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That’s why we’re taking a deep dive into this type of attack, one that’s making a big comeback. We’ll define, explore and share how to protect against brute force attacks—so you don’t have to fall victim to an attacker’s “simple solution”.

What are brute force attacks?

“Brute force attack” refers to a method used to obtain private information such as usernames, passwords, passphrases, and similar. By repeatedly submitting different combinations of credentials, attackers can ultimately guess them correctly, and gain access to the data those credentials protect. Brute force attacks are often referred to as “brute force cracking” as well, as they fundamentally use brute force—in this case, computational power—to try and crack something—in this case, the credentials that guard sensitive data (or any data valuable to attackers). Common targets for brute force attacks are cracking passwords and encryption keys as well as API keys and SSH logins.

To imagine this scenario outside of the cyber realm and in the real world, try picturing a brute force attack like a thief trying to break into a safe by attempting every possible combination of numbers. That just wouldn’t be effective if done manually, on the spot.

More often than not, attackers carry out brute force attacks using an automated tool, script or bot to run through every possible combination of information needed until they can guess the one that grants them access. For example, by using a list of commonly used credentials, and even real user credentials obtained through security breaches and data leaks from breaches on the dark web, bots can systematically attack the target and do the attackers’ work for them.

The success of a brute force attack is measured in the time it takes to successfully crack a password/credential, which can be anywhere from a few seconds to a few years. Modern computers and technology allow attackers to crack an 8-character alphanumeric password in a few hours, and weak encryption in a few months which isn’t that rare to see in cases of advanced persistent threats.

As password length increases, the time it takes to brute force it increases as well. The same goes for the encryption key: a key with 128-bit encryption will have 2¹²⁸ combinations and 256-bit encryption will have 2²⁵⁶ combinations. Even with current technology, that amount of combinations for 256-bit encryption would take attackers several years to guess them all.

How brute force attacks are used

While not the most sophisticated of cyber attacks, brute force attacks are both reliable and simple to perform, as all attackers have to do is to let their machines do the work. Given the frequent lack of protection and mitigation strategy on the target’s end, this often proves quite effective. But even the simplest of defences, such as a long and complex password, can make for a timely process and could deter attackers.

When targets employ such seemingly basic strategies for protection, they increase the difficulty with which attackers might succeed in gaining unauthorized access. In fact, the time it takes to brute force a system and gain access is a valuable metric that security teams can use to test their network and system security.

The goal of a brute force attack can be anything including the theft of personal information that can be used to access accounts and different resources, credential harvesting for sale to third parties or on the dark web, identity theft to commit fraud, misappropriation of goods, launching of further attacks, redirection of domains to websites containing malware, and much, much more.

Brute force attacks are usually part of a bigger cyber attack, serving as the first step when attempting to breach a system and gain unauthorized access to sensitive data. And when it comes to the cyber attack life cycle, brute force attacks are usually used in the initial reconnaissance phase—to carry out a cyber attack cyber criminals need entry points to their targets and brute force attacks are a perfect hands-off solution to obtain those entry points.

Attackers use automated brute force attacks and run them parallel while trying to crack credentials, and even after gaining access to a network they can run further brute force attacks to perform privilege escalation.

Types of brute force attacks

While brute force attacks boil down to inputting every possible combination of desired information until access is granted, there are different methods in which cybercriminals can carry out these attacks. We’ve already mentioned some common examples but there are others, both simple and advanced.

Dictionary attacks

The most basic, and somewhat outdated, type of brute force attack is the dictionary attack. Using this method, an attacker starts with assumptions of common passwords and builds a dictionary of possible passwords (some of the most popular and still widely used passwords are “password1234”, “123456” and “admin”). They then go through their dictionary and input each entry until hitting on the correct password. Dictionary attacks are often used against multiple targets, requiring a large number of attempts due to their simplicity and frequent lack of effectiveness against more advanced targets.

Credential stuffing

In credential stuffing, already breached and known username and password pairs are used in the attempt to gain access to multiple services, applications and sites. This type of attack exploits the fact that many users reuse passwords across different accounts.

Simple brute force attacks

Trying every possible combination must yield results at least once, right? That’s the logic in place here: a simple brute force attacks can use different methods, such as inputting all possible passwords one at a time and using a systematic approach to guess them, without any outside logic. This type of brute force attack is commonly used to gain access to local files, as there’s no limit to the number of attempts possible.

Hybrid brute force attacks

Hybrid brute force attacks can be seen as the combination of dictionary and simple brute force attacks. Starting with a predetermined list of passwords (such as in the dictionary attack), hybrid brute attacks use external logic to determine which password will be the most likely to succeed (instead of inputting every password). Password variations can include adding numbers or changing letter cases, providing more possibilities to enter.

Reverse brute force attacks

A reverse brute force attacks involves using a small number of common passwords and repeatedly testing them against multiple accounts. What’s “reverse’’ in this type of attack is the fact that it doesn’t try to guess a password, but rather uses generic passwords and brute forces the username. This type of brute force attack is usually used to carry out more targ